Hawsha Daaweynta Biyaha Warshadaha iyo Codsiyada Kiimikada
Asalka
Iyadoo ay jirto horumarka degdegga ah ee warshadaha, muhiimadda daaweynta biyaha ee wax soo saarka warshadaha kala duwan ayaa si isa soo taraysa u muuqata. Daaweynta biyaha warshaduhu ma aha oo kaliya xiriir muhiim ah si loo hubiyo horumarka habsami u socodka hawsha, laakiin sidoo kale waa tallaabo muhiim ah oo lagu daboolayo xeerarka deegaanka iyo shuruudaha horumarinta waara.
Nooca Daaweynta Biyaha
| Nooca daaweynta biyaha | Ujeeddada ugu weyn | Shayada daaweynta ugu muhiimsan | Hawlaha ugu muhiimsan. |
| Biyo-daaweyn hore loo sameeyay | Buuxi shuruudaha biyaha gudaha ama kuwa warshadaha | Biyaha laga helo biyaha dabiiciga ah | Shaandhaynta, kala-goynta, iyo xinjirowga dhiigga. |
| Daaweynta biyaha habka | Buuxi shuruudaha habka gaarka ah | Biyaha habka warshadaha | Jilicsanaanta, cusbaynta, iyo deoxygenation. |
| Daaweynta biyaha qaboojinta ee wareegaya | Hubi shaqada caadiga ah ee qalabka | Biyaha qaboojinta wareegaya | Daaweynta qiyaasta. |
| Daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah | Ilaali deegaanka | Wasakhda warshadaha | Daawaynta jirka, kiimikada, iyo bayoolojiga. |
| Daaweynta biyaha dib loo warshadeeyay | Yaree isticmaalka biyaha cusub | Biyo la isticmaalay | La mid ah daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah. |
Kiimikooyinka Daaweynta Biyaha ee Caadiga ah ee la Isticmaalo
| Qaybta | Kiimikooyinka si caadi ah loo isticmaalo | Shaqada |
| Wakiilka Flocculating | PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, iwm. | Ka saar walxaha adag ee la laalay iyo walxaha dabiiciga ah |
| Jeermis dileyaal | sida TCCA, SDIC, ozone, chlorine dioxide, Calcium Hypochlorite, iwm. | Waxay dishaa noolaha yaryar ee ku jira biyaha (sida bakteeriyada, fayrasyada, fangaska iyo protozoa) |
| hagaajiyaha pH | Asiidh aminosulfonic ah, NaOH, lime, asiidh sulfuric ah, iwm. | Hagaaji pH-ga biyaha |
| Ka saarayaasha birta ah ee ion-ka | EDTA, resin sarrifka Ion | Ka saar ayoonada birta culus (sida birta, naxaasta, rasaasta, cadmium, meerkuriga, nikkel, iwm.) iyo ayoonada kale ee birta waxyeelada leh biyaha. |
| Xakamaynta miisaanka | Organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids | Waxay ka hortagtaa sameynta miisaanka iyadoo ay sameeyaan ayoonada kaalshiyamka iyo magnesium. Waxay sidoo kale leedahay saameyn gaar ah oo ka saarista ayoonada birta ah |
| Deoksaydheeyaha | Sodium sulfate, hydrazine, iwm. | Ka saar oksijiinta milmaysa si looga hortago miridhku inuu oksijiinku daxaleysto |
| Wakiilka nadiifinta | Asiidh citric ah, asiidh sulfuric ah, iyo asiidh aminosulfonic ah | Ka saar miisaanka iyo wasakhda |
| Oksidheeyeyaal | ozone, persulfate, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen peroxide, iwm. | Jeermis-dilis, ka saarista wasakhowga iyo hagaajinta tayada biyaha, iwm. |
| Jiliciyeyaasha | sida lime iyo sodium carbonate. | Waxay ka saartaa aayoonnada adag (kalsiyum, aayoonnada magnesium) waxayna yareysaa khatarta sameynta miisaanka. |
| Qalajiyeyaasha/Ka-hortagga Xumbo | Cabudhiso ama baabi'i xumbo | |
| Ka saarista | Kaalshiyam Hypochlorite | Ka saar NH₃-N biyaha wasakhda ah si ay u buuxiso heerarka dheecaanka |
Kiimikooyinka Daaweynta Biyaha ee aan bixin karno:
Daaweynta biyaha warshadaha waxaa loola jeedaa habka lagu daaweeyo biyaha warshadaha iyo biyaha ka soo baxaya iyada oo loo marayo habab jireed, kiimiko, bayooloji iyo kuwo kale. Daaweynta biyaha warshadeed waa qayb lagama maarmaan ah oo ka mid ah wax soo saarka warshadaha, muhiimaddeedana waxaa lagu muujiyay dhinacyada soo socda:
1.1 Hubi tayada badeecada
Ka saar wasakhda biyaha sida ion-yada birta ah, walxaha adag ee la hakiyey, iwm. si loo daboolo baahiyaha wax soo saarka loona hubiyo tayada badeecada.
Joojinta daxalka: Oksijiinta milanta, kaarboon laba ogsaydh, iwm. ee biyaha ku jirta waxay sababi kartaa daxalka qalabka birta ah waxayna gaabin kartaa cimriga qalabka.
Xakamaynta noolaha aan noolayn: Bakteeriyada, algae iyo noolaha kale ee ku jira biyaha waxay sababi karaan wasakhowga alaabta, taasoo saameynaysa tayada alaabta iyo badbaadada caafimaadka.
1.2 Hagaajinta hufnaanta wax soo saarka
Yaree wakhtiga shaqada oo aan la joojin: Daaweynta biyaha ee joogtada ah waxay si wax ku ool ah uga hortagi kartaa xoqidda iyo daxalka qalabka, waxay yareyn kartaa inta jeer ee dayactirka iyo beddelka qalabka, sidaas darteedna waxay hagaajin kartaa hufnaanta wax soo saarka.
Hagaajinta xaaladaha habka: Iyada oo loo marayo daaweynta biyaha, tayada biyaha ee buuxisa shuruudaha habka ayaa la heli karaa si loo hubiyo xasilloonida habka wax soo saarka.
1.3 Yaree kharashyada wax soo saarka
Keydso tamarta: Iyada oo loo marayo daaweynta biyaha, isticmaalka tamarta qalabka waa la dhimi karaa kharashaadka wax soo saarkana waa la badbaadin karaa.
Ka hortag cabirka: Aayonada adag sida aayonada kalsiyum iyo magnesium ee biyaha ku jira ayaa sameyn doona miisaan, ku dhegi doona dusha sare ee qalabka, waxayna yareyn doonaan hufnaanta gudbinta kulaylka.
Kordhi cimriga qalabka: Yaree daxalka iyo ballaarinta qalabka, kordhi cimriga adeegga qalabka, iyo yaraynta kharashyada qiimo dhaca qalabka.
Yaree isticmaalka agabka: Iyada oo loo marayo daaweynta biyaha, qashinka biocides-ka waa la dhimi karaa kharashaadka wax soo saarkana waa la dhimi karaa.
Yaree isticmaalka alaabta ceeriin: Iyada oo loo marayo daaweynta biyaha, walxaha ceeriin ee ku haray dareeraha qashinka ayaa dib loo soo celin karaa oo dib loogu celin karaa wax soo saarka, taasoo yaraynaysa qashinka alaabta ceeriin ah iyo hoos u dhigista kharashyada wax soo saarka.
1.4 Ilaali deegaanka
Yaree qiiqa wasakhaysan: Ka dib marka la daweeyo biyaha wasakhaysan ee warshadaha, waxaa la dhimi karaa tirada qiiqa wasakhaysan, deegaanka biyahana waa la ilaalin karaa.
Garwaaqso dib-u-warshadaynta kheyraadka biyaha: Iyada oo loo marayo daaweynta biyaha, biyaha warshadaha ayaa dib loo warshadeyn karaa, ku tiirsanaanta kheyraadka biyaha cusubna waa la yareyn karaa.
1.5 U hoggaansanow xeerarka deegaanka
Buuxi heerarka qiiqa: Biyaha wasakhda ah ee warshadaha waa inay buuxiyaan heerarka qiiqa qaranka iyo kuwa maxalliga ah, daaweynta biyuhuna waa hab muhiim ah oo lagu gaari karo yoolkan.
Marka la soo koobo, daaweynta biyaha warshaduhu kuma xirna oo keliya tayada wax soo saarka iyo hufnaanta wax soo saarka, laakiin sidoo kale waxay la xiriirtaa faa'iidooyinka dhaqaale iyo ilaalinta deegaanka ee shirkadaha. Iyada oo loo marayo daaweynta biyaha ee cilmiyaysan oo macquul ah, waxaa la gaari karaa isticmaalka ugu wanaagsan ee kheyraadka biyaha waxaana la horumarin karaa horumarinta waarta ee warshadaha.
Daaweynta biyaha warshadeed waxay daboolaysaa qaybo badan oo kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan warshadaha korontada, kiimikada, dawooyinka, birta, cuntada iyo cabitaanka, iwm. Habka daaweynta waxaa badanaa loo habeeyaa iyadoo loo eegayo shuruudaha tayada biyaha iyo heerarka sii deynta.
2.1 Kiimikooyinka iyo Mabaadi'da Daaweynta Saamaynta (Daawaynta Biyo Cayriin Ka Horreysa)
Daaweynta biyaha ceeriin ee hore ee daaweynta biyaha warshadaha waxaa inta badan ka mid ah shaandhaynta koowaad, xinjirowga dhiigga, flocculation, sedimentation, flotation, jeermis dilaha, hagaajinta pH, ka saarista birta ion iyo shaandhaynta kama dambaysta ah. Kiimikooyinka sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalo waxaa ka mid ah:
Xididayaasha iyo kuwa dareeraha ah: sida PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, iwm.
Jilicsanayaasha: sida lime iyo sodium carbonate.
Jeermis dileyaal: sida TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, iwm.
Hagaajiyeyaasha pH: sida aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, lime, sulfuric acid, iwm.
Qalabka ka saara birta ee ion-ka EDTA, resin-ka is-weydaarsiga Ion iwm.,
Isku-darka miisaanka: organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids, iwm.
Nadiifiyeyaasha: sida kaarboon firfircoon, alumina firfircoon, iwm.
Isku-darka iyo isticmaalka kiimikooyinkan waxay ka caawin karaan daaweynta biyaha warshadaha inay si wax ku ool ah uga saarto walxaha la hakiyey, wasakhowga dabiiciga ah, ion-yada birta iyo noolaha yaryar ee ku jira biyaha, hubinta in tayada biyuhu ay buuxiso baahiyaha wax soo saarka, iyo yareynta culeyska daaweynta xigta.
2.2 Kiimikooyinka iyo Mabaadi'da Habka Daaweynta Biyaha
Daaweynta biyaha ee habka daaweynta biyaha warshadaha waxaa inta badan ka mid ah daaweynta ka hor, jilcinta, baabi'inta oksaydhka, ka saarista birta iyo manganese, nadiifinta, nadiifinta iyo jeermiska. Tallaabo kasta waxay u baahan tahay kiimikooyin kala duwan si loo wanaajiyo tayada biyaha loona hubiyo shaqada caadiga ah ee qalabka warshadaha kala duwan. Kiimikooyinka caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah:
| Coagulants iyo Flocculants: | sida PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, iwm. |
| Jiliciyeyaasha: | sida lime iyo sodium carbonate. |
| Jeermis dileyaasha: | sida TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, iwm. |
| hagaajiyeyaasha pH: | sida aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, lime, sulfuric acid, iwm. |
| Ka saarayaasha birta ah ee ion-ka: | EDTA, resin is-weydaarsiga Ion |
| Cabbirka joojiyaha: | organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids, iwm. |
| Dareemayaasha: | sida kaarboon firfircoon, alumina firfircoon, iwm. |
Kiimikooyinkani waxay dabooli karaan baahiyaha kala duwan ee biyaha habka loo isticmaalo iyada oo loo marayo isku-darka hababka daaweynta biyaha ee kala duwan, hubinta in tayada biyuhu ay buuxiso heerarka wax soo saarka, yaraynta khatarta dhaawaca qalabka, iyo hagaajinta hufnaanta wax soo saarka.
2.3 Kiimikooyinka iyo Mabaadi'da Daaweynta Biyaha Qaboojinta ee Wareega
Daaweynta biyaha qaboojinta ee wareegga waa qayb aad muhiim u ah daaweynta biyaha warshadaha, gaar ahaan inta badan xarumaha warshadaha (sida warshadaha kiimikada, warshadaha korontada, warshadaha birta, iwm.), halkaas oo nidaamyada biyaha qaboojinta si weyn loogu isticmaalo qalabka iyo hababka qaboojinta. Nidaamyada biyaha qaboojinta ee wareegga waxay u nugul yihiin xoqidda, daxalka, koritaanka microbial iyo dhibaatooyin kale sababtoo ah mugga biyaha ee weyn iyo wareegga joogtada ah. Sidaa darteed, hababka daaweynta biyaha ee wax ku oolka ah waa in loo isticmaalaa si loo xakameeyo dhibaatooyinkan loona hubiyo hawlgalka xasilloon ee nidaamka.
Daaweynta biyaha qaboojinta ee wareegaya waxay ujeedadeedu tahay in laga hortago xoqidda, daxalka iyo wasakhowga bayoolojiga ee nidaamka iyo in la hubiyo waxtarka qaboojinta. La soco xuduudaha ugu muhiimsan ee biyaha qaboojinta (sida pH, adkaanta, wasakhda, oksijiinta milmaysa, noolaha yaryar, iwm.) oo falanqee dhibaatooyinka tayada biyaha ee daaweynta la beegsanayo.
| Coagulants iyo Flocculants: | sida PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, iwm. |
| Jiliciyeyaasha: | sida lime iyo sodium carbonate. |
| Jeermis dileyaasha: | sida TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, iwm. |
| hagaajiyeyaasha pH: | sida aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, lime, sulfuric acid, iwm. |
| Ka saarayaasha birta ah ee ion-ka: | EDTA, resin is-weydaarsiga Ion |
| Cabbirka joojiyaha: | organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids, iwm. |
| Dareemayaasha: | sida kaarboon firfircoon, alumina firfircoon, iwm. |
Kiimikooyinkan iyo hababka daaweynta waxay gacan ka geystaan ka hortagga xoqidda, daxalka, iyo wasakhowga microbial-ka, hubinta hawlgalka xasilloon ee nidaamka biyaha qaboojinta muddada dheer, yaraynta dhaawaca qalabka iyo isticmaalka tamarta, iyo hagaajinta hufnaanta nidaamka.
2.4 Kiimikooyinka iyo Mabaadi'da Daaweynta Biyaha Qashinka ah
Habka daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah ee warshadaha waxaa loo qaybin karaa marxalado badan iyadoo loo eegayo astaamaha biyaha wasakhda ah iyo ujeeddooyinka daaweynta, oo ay ugu horreeyaan daaweynta ka hor, dhexdhexaadinta aashitada salka, ka saarista walxaha dabiiciga ah iyo kuwa adag ee la hakiyey, daaweynta dhexdhexaadka ah iyo tan sare, jeermiska dila iyo nadiifinta, daaweynta dhoobada iyo daaweynta biyaha dib loo warshadeeyay. Xiriir kastaa wuxuu u baahan yahay kiimikooyin kala duwan si ay u wada shaqeeyaan si loo hubiyo hufnaanta iyo dhammaystirka habka daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah.
Daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah ee warshadaha waxaa loo qaybiyaa saddex hab oo waaweyn: fiisikis, kiimiko iyo bayooloji, si loo gaaro heerarka qiiqa iyo in la yareeyo wasakhowga deegaanka.
Habka jireed:faleebo, shaandhayn, sabbayn, iwm.
Habka kiimikada:dhexdhexaadin, redox, roobab kiimiko ah.
Habka bayoolojiga:habka dhoobada firfircoon, bioreactor-ka xuubka (MBR), iwm.
Kiimikooyinka caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah:
| Coagulants iyo Flocculants: | sida PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, iwm. |
| Jiliciyeyaasha: | sida lime iyo sodium carbonate. |
| Jeermis dileyaasha: | sida TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, iwm. |
| hagaajiyeyaasha pH: | sida aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, lime, sulfuric acid, iwm. |
| Ka saarayaasha birta ah ee ion-ka: | EDTA, resin is-weydaarsiga Ion |
| Cabbirka joojiyaha: | organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids, iwm. |
| Dareemayaasha: | sida kaarboon firfircoon, alumina firfircoon, iwm. |
Iyada oo loo marayo isticmaalka wax ku oolka ah ee kiimikooyinkan, biyaha wasakhda ah ee warshadaha ayaa la daweyn karaa oo laga saari karaa iyadoo la raacayo heerarka, xitaa dib ayaa loo isticmaali karaa, taasoo gacan ka geysaneysa yareynta wasakheynta deegaanka iyo isticmaalka kheyraadka biyaha.
2.5 Kiimikooyinka iyo Mabaadi'da Daaweynta Biyaha Dib loo Isticmaalo
Daaweynta biyaha dib loo warshadeeyay waxay tilmaamaysaa habka maaraynta kheyraadka biyaha kaas oo dib u isticmaala biyaha wasakhda ah ee warshadaha ka dib marka la daweeyo. Iyadoo ay sii kordhayso yaraanta kheyraadka biyaha, goobo badan oo warshadeed ayaa qaatay tallaabooyin lagu daaweynayo biyaha dib loo warshadeeyay, kuwaas oo aan kaliya badbaadinayn kheyraadka biyaha, laakiin sidoo kale yareynaya kharashka daaweynta iyo ka saarista. Furaha daaweynta biyaha dib loo warshadeeyay waa in laga saaro wasakhowga biyaha wasakhda ah si tayada biyuhu u buuxiso shuruudaha dib u isticmaalka, taas oo u baahan saxnaan iyo tiknoolajiyad sare.
Habka daaweynta biyaha dib loo warshadeeyay wuxuu inta badan ka kooban yahay tallaabooyinka muhiimka ah ee soo socda:
Daawaynta kahor:Ka saar walxaha waaweyn ee wasakhda iyo dufanka, adoo isticmaalaya PAC, PAM, iwm.
hagaajinta pH:hagaaji pH-ga, kiimikooyinka sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalo waxaa ka mid ah sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, calcium hydroxide, iwm.
Daawaynta bayoolojiga:ka saar walxaha dabiiciga ah, taageer burburka microbial-ka, isticmaal ammonium chloride, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, iwm.
Daaweynta kiimikada:Ka saarista oksaydhaynta walxaha dabiiciga ah iyo biraha culus, ozone-ka caadiga ah ee la isticmaalo, persulfate, sodium sulfide, iwm.
Kala soocidda xuubka:Isticmaal tiknoolajiyada dib u celinta osmosis, nanofiltration, iyo ultrafiltration si aad uga saarto walxaha milmay una hubiso tayada biyaha.
Jeermis-dile:ka saar noolaha yaryar, isticmaal koloriin, ozone, calcium hypochlorite, iwm.
La socodka iyo hagaajinta:Hubi in biyaha dib loo isticmaalay ay buuxiyaan heerarka oo ay isticmaalaan qalabka nidaamiya iyo qalabka la socodka si loo hagaajiyo.
Qalajiyeyaasha:Waxay caburiyaan ama baabi'iyaan xumbo iyagoo yareynaya xiisadda dusha sare ee dareeraha oo burburinaya xasilloonida xumbada. (Xaaladaha isticmaalka ee xumbada: nidaamyada daaweynta bayoolojiga, daaweynta biyaha wasakhda kiimikada, daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah ee dawooyinka, daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah ee cuntada, daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah ee waraaqaha lagu sameeyo, iwm.)
Kaalshiyam hypochlorite:Waxay ka saaraan wasakhda sida ammonia nitrogen
Adeegsiga hababkan iyo kiimikooyinkan waxay hubinayaan in tayada biyaha wasakhda ah ee la daweeyay ay buuxiso heerarka dib-u-isticmaalka, taasoo u oggolaanaysa in si wax ku ool ah loogu isticmaalo wax soo saarka warshadaha.
Daaweynta biyaha warshaduhu waa qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah wax soo saarka warshadaha casriga ah. Habka iyo xulashada kiimikada waa in loo hagaajiyaa iyadoo loo eegayo shuruudaha gaarka ah ee habka. Adeegsiga macquulka ah ee kiimikooyinka ma aha oo kaliya inuu hagaajiyo saameynta daaweynta, laakiin sidoo kale wuxuu yareyn karaa kharashyada wuxuuna yareyn karaa saameynta deegaanka. Mustaqbalka, iyadoo la horumarinayo tignoolajiyada iyo horumarinta shuruudaha ilaalinta deegaanka, daaweynta biyaha warshaduhu waxay ku horumarin doontaa jiho caqli badan oo cagaaran.