Nidaamyada Daaweynta Biyaha Warshadaha iyo Codsiyada Kiimikada
Asalkii hore
Iyada oo horumarka degdega ah ee warshadaynta, muhiimada daaweynta biyaha ee wax soo saarka warshadaha kala duwan ayaa si isa soo taraysa u muuqda. Daaweynta biyaha warshaduhu maaha kaliya isku xirka muhiimka ah si loo hubiyo habsami u socodka geedi socodka, laakiin sidoo kale cabbir muhiim ah si loo daboolo xeerarka deegaanka iyo shuruudaha horumarinta waara.
Nooca Daaweynta Biyaha
| Nooca daaweynta biyaha | Ujeedada ugu weyn | Walxaha daawaynta ugu weyn | Hababka ugu muhiimsan. |
| Kahor daaweynta biyaha ceeriin | Buuxi shuruudaha biyaha gudaha ama warshadaha | Ilaha biyaha dabiiciga ah | Shaandhaynta, sedimentation, xinjirowga. |
| Habka daaweynta biyaha | Buuxi shuruudaha habraaca gaarka ah | Habka warshadaha biyaha | Jilcinta, saliinta, deoxygenation. |
| Daawaynta biyaha qaboojinta wareega | Hubi shaqada caadiga ah ee qalabka | Wareega biyaha qaboojinta | Daawaynta qiyaasta |
| Daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah | Ilaalinta deegaanka | Biyaha wasakhda warshadaha | Daaweynta jireed, kiimikaad, bayooloji. |
| Daaweynta biyaha dib loo warshadeeyay | Iska yaree isticmaalka biyaha cusub | Biyo la isticmaalay | La mid ah daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah. |
Kiimikada Daawaynta Biyaha ee sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalo
| Qaybta | Kiimikooyinka sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalo | Shaqada |
| Wakiilka qulqulaya | PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, iwm. | Ka saar adkaha la hakiyay iyo walxaha organic |
| jeermiska dila | sida TCCA, SDIC, ozone, chlorine dioxide, Calcium Hypochlorite, iwm | Dila noolaha ku jira biyaha (sida bakteeriyada, fayrasyada, fungi iyo protozoa) |
| hagaajinta pH | Aminosulfonic acid, NaOH, lime, sulfuric acid, iwm. | Habbee pH biyaha |
| Miraha ion birta | EDTA, Ion resin beddelka | Ka saar ayoonooyinka birta culus (sida birta, naxaasta, rasaasta, cadmium, meerkuri, nikkel, iwm.) iyo birta kale ee waxyeelada leh ee biyaha ku jira |
| Xakamaynta miisaanka | Organophosphates, organophosphorus karboksilic acids | Kahortagga samaynta miisaanka ee kaalshiyamka iyo ion magnesium. Sidoo kale waxay leedahay saamayn go'an oo ah ka saarida ions birta |
| Deoxidizer | Sodium sulfite, hydrazine, iwm. | Ka saar ogsijiinta kala diri si aad uga hortagto daxalka oksijiinta |
| Wakiilka nadiifinta | Citric acid, sulfuric acid, aminosulfonic acid | Ka saar miisaanka iyo wasakhda |
| Oxidayaasha | ozone, persulfate, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen peroxide, iwm. | Jeermiska, ka saarida wasakhowga iyo hagaajinta tayada biyaha, iwm. |
| Jilciyeyaasha | sida lime iyo sodium carbonate. | Waxay ka saartaa ion adkaanta (kalsiyam, ion magnesium) waxayna yaraynaysaa khatarta samaynta miisaanka |
| Foamers/Antifoam | Cadaadis ama tirtir xumbo | |
| Ka saarida | Calcium Hypochlorite | ka saar NH₃-N biyaha wasakhda ah si aad uga dhigto mid la kulma heerarka dheecaanka |
Waxaan bixin karnaa:
Daaweynta biyaha warshadaha waxaa loola jeedaa habka daaweynta biyaha warshadaha iyo biyaha soo daaya iyada oo loo marayo habab jidheed, kiimiko, bayooloji iyo kuwo kale. Daaweynta biyaha warshaduhu waa qayb aan laga maarmi karin oo ka mid ah wax soo saarka warshadaha, muhiimaddeedana waxa ay ka muuqataa dhinacyada soo socda:
1.1 Hubi tayada alaabta
Ka saar wasakhda ku jirta biyaha sida ions birta, adkaha la hakiyay, iwm si loo daboolo baahiyaha wax soo saarka loona hubiyo tayada badeecada.
Jooji daxalka: Ogsajiinta, kaarboon laba ogsaydh, iwm ee biyaha ku dhex milma waxay sababi kartaa daxalka qalabka birta waxayna soo gaabin kartaa nolosha qalabka.
Xakamaynta microorganisms: Bakteeriyada, algae iyo noolaha kale ee biyaha ku jira waxay sababi karaan wasakhaynta alaabta, saamaynaysa tayada alaabta iyo badbaadada caafimaadka.
1.2 Hagaajinta waxtarka wax soo saarka
Iska yaree wakhtiga hoos u dhaca: Daaweynta joogtada ah ee biyaha waxay si wax ku ool ah uga hortagi kartaa qallafsanaanta qalabka iyo daxalka, waxay yaraynaysaa inta jeer ee dayactirka qalabka iyo beddelka, oo sidaas awgeed wanaajiso waxtarka wax soo saarka.
Wanaaji xaaladaha habka: Iyada oo loo marayo daaweynta biyaha, tayada biyaha ee buuxisa shuruudaha nidaamka ayaa la heli karaa si loo hubiyo xasilloonida habka wax soo saarka.
1.3 Yaree kharashaadka wax soo saarka
Badbaadinta tamarta: Daaweynta biyaha, isticmaalka tamarta qalabka waa la dhimi karaa kharashyada wax soo saarkana waa la badbaadin karaa.
Ka-hortagga qolofta: Aions-adag sida kalsiyumka iyo ions magnesium ee biyaha ku jira waxay samayn doonaan miisaan, u hoggaansamaan dusha qalabka, waxay yareeyaan waxtarka kuleyliyaha.
Kordhi cimriga qalabka: Yaree daxalka iyo miisaamidda qalabka, kordhiso nolosha adeegga qalabka, oo hoos u dhigto qiimaha qalabka.
Iska yaree isticmaalka walxaha: Daaweynta biyaha, qashinka biocides waa la dhimi karaa kharashyada wax soo saarkana waa la dhimi karaa.
Iska yaree isticmaalka alaabta ceeriinka ah: Daaweynta biyaha, alaabta ceeriin ee hartay ee dareeraha wasakhda ah waa la soo ceshan karaa oo dib loogu celin karaa wax soo saarka, sidaas darteed hoos u dhigista qashinka alaabta ceeriin iyo hoos u dhigista kharashka wax soo saarka.
1.4 Ilaali deegaanka
Yaree qiiqa wasakhaysan: Ka dib marka la daweeyo biyaha wasakhda ah ee warshadaha, uruurinta qiiqa wasakhaysan waa la yarayn karaa waxaana la ilaalin karaa deegaanka biyaha.
Xaqiiji dib-u-warshadaynta kheyraadka biyaha: Daaweynta biyaha, biyaha warshadaha ayaa dib loo warshadeyn karaa waxaana la yareyn karaa ku tiirsanaanta kheyraadka biyaha cusub.
1.5 U hoggaansanaanta xeerarka deegaanka
Buuxi heerarka qiiqa: Biyaha wasakhda ah ee warshaduhu waa inay buuxiyaan heerarka qaran iyo heer deegaan, daaweynta biyuhuna waa hab muhiim ah oo lagu gaadho yoolkan.
Marka la soo koobo, daaweynta biyaha warshaduhu kuma xidhna oo keliya tayada wax soo saarka iyo hufnaanta wax-soo-saarka, laakiin sidoo kale waxay la xidhiidhaa faa'iidooyinka dhaqaale iyo ilaalinta deegaanka ee shirkadaha. Iyada oo loo marayo daaweynta biyaha sayniska iyo macquulka ah, ka faa'iidaysiga ugu wanaagsan ee kheyraadka biyaha ayaa lagu gaari karaa horumarinta waara ee warshadaha waa la horumarin karaa.
Daawaynta biyaha warshaduhu waxa ay dabooshaa qaybo badan oo kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan tamarta, kiimikaad, dawooyinka, biraha, warshadaha cuntada iyo cabitaanka, iwm. Habka daawaynta waxa sida caadiga ah loo habeeyey iyada oo la raacayo shuruudaha tayada biyaha iyo heerarka soo saarista.
2.1 Daawaynta Saamaynta leh (Ka Hortagga Biyaha Ceyriinka)
Ku-daweynta biyaha ceeriin ee daaweynta biyaha warshadaha inta badan waxaa ka mid ah sifaynta aasaasiga ah, xinjirowga, qulqulka, wasakhaynta, sabbaynta, jeermiska, hagaajinta pH, saarista ion birta iyo sifaynta kama dambaysta ah. Kiimikooyinka sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalo waxaa ka mid ah:
Coagulants iyo flocculants: sida PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, iwm.
Jilciyeyaasha: sida lime iyo sodium carbonate.
Jeermiska jeermiska: sida TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, iwm.
pH hagaajinta: sida aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, lime, sulfuric acid, iwm.
Metal ion removersEDTA, Ion resin beddelka iwm,
scale inhibitor: organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids, iwm.
Adsorbents: sida kaarboon firfircoon, aluminium firfircoon, iwm.
Isku darka iyo isticmaalka kiimikooyinkan ayaa kaa caawin kara daaweynta biyaha warshadaha si wax ku ool ah meesha looga saaro walxaha la hakiyey, wasakhowga organic, ions birta iyo microorganisms ee biyaha, hubinta in tayada biyuhu buuxiyaan baahida wax soo saarka, iyo in la yareeyo culayska daaweynta dambe.
2.2 Habka Daaweynta Biyaha
Habka daaweynta biyaha ee daaweynta biyaha warshadaha inta badan waxaa ka mid ah ka-hortag, jilicsanaan, deoxidation, saarista birta iyo manganese, nadiifinta, jeermiska iyo jeermiska. Tallaabo kasta waxay u baahan tahay kiimikooyin kala duwan si kor loogu qaado tayada biyaha oo loo hubiyo hawlgalka caadiga ah ee qalabka warshadaha kala duwan. Kiimikada caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah:
| xinjirowga iyo flocculant: | sida PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, iwm. |
| Jilciyeyaasha: | sida lime iyo sodium carbonate. |
| jeermiska dila: | sida TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, iwm. |
| hagaajinta pH: | sida aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, lime, sulfuric acid, iwm. |
| Soosaarayaasha birta ion: | EDTA, Ion resin beddelka |
| Kahortaga miisaanka: | organophosphates, organophosphorus karboksilic acids, iwm. |
| Adsorbents: | sida kaarboon firfircoon, aluminium firfircoon, iwm. |
Kiimikooyinkani waxay dabooli karaan baahiyaha kala duwan ee habka biyaha iyada oo loo marayo hababka daaweynta biyaha ee kala duwan, hubinta in tayada biyuhu ay buuxiyaan heerarka wax soo saarka, yareeyaan khatarta dhaawaca qalabka, iyo hagaajinta waxtarka wax soo saarka.
2.3 Daawaynta Biyaha Qaboojinta Wareega
Daawaynta biyaha qaboojinta wareegga waa qayb aad muhiim u ah daaweynta biyaha warshadaha, gaar ahaan inta badan xarumaha warshadaha (sida dhirta kiimikada, dhirta tamarta, dhirta birta, iwm.), halkaasoo nidaamyada biyaha qaboojinta si weyn loogu isticmaalo qalabka qaboojinta iyo hababka. Nidaamyada biyaha qaboojinta wareega waxay u nugul yihiin qolofta, daxalka, koritaanka microbial iyo dhibaatooyin kale sababtoo ah mugga biyaha oo badan iyo wareegga joogtada ah. Sidaa darteed, hababka daaweynta biyaha ee wax ku oolka ah waa in la isticmaalo si loo xakameeyo dhibaatooyinkan loona xaqiijiyo hawlgalka xasilloon ee nidaamka.
Wareegtada daawaynta biyaha qaboojintu waxay rabta inay ka hortagto qolof, daxalka iyo wasakhowga bayooloji ee nidaamka iyo hubinta waxtarka qaboojinta. La soco halbeegyada ugu muhiimsan ee biyaha qaboojinta (sida pH, qallafsanaanta, qallafsanaanta, ogsajiinta kala diri, noole yar yar, iwm.) oo falanqee dhibaatooyinka tayada biyaha ee daaweynta la beegsaday.
| xinjirowga iyo flocculant: | sida PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, iwm. |
| Jilciyeyaasha: | sida lime iyo sodium carbonate. |
| jeermiska dila: | sida TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, iwm. |
| hagaajinta pH: | sida aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, lime, sulfuric acid, iwm. |
| Soosaarayaasha birta ion: | EDTA, Ion resin beddelka |
| Kahortaga miisaanka: | organophosphates, organophosphorus karboksilic acids, iwm. |
| Adsorbents: | sida kaarboon firfircoon, aluminium firfircoon, iwm. |
Kiimikooyinkan iyo hababka daawaynta waxay ka caawiyaan ka hortagga xoqidda, daxalka, iyo wasakhowga microbial, waxay xaqiijiyaan hawlgalka xasilloon ee muddada dheer ee nidaamka biyaha qaboojinta, yaraynta dhaawaca qalabka iyo isticmaalka tamarta, iyo hagaajinta waxtarka nidaamka.
2.4 Daaweynta Biyaha wasakhda ah
Habka daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah ee warshadaha waxaa loo qaybin karaa heerar kala duwan iyadoo loo eegayo sifooyinka biyaha wasakhda iyo ujeedooyinka daaweynta, inta badan oo ay ku jiraan pretreatment, dhexdhexaadinta acid-saldhigga, ka saarida walxaha organic iyo adkaha la hakiyey, daaweynta dhexdhexaadka ah iyo heerka sare, jeermiska jeermiska iyo jeermiska, daaweynta sludge. iyo daaweynta biyaha dib loo warshadeeyay. Xiriiriye kastaa wuxuu u baahan yahay kiimikooyin kala duwan si ay u wada shaqeeyaan si loo hubiyo waxtarka iyo dhammaystirnaanta habka daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah.
Daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah ee warshaduhu waxay u qaybsantaa saddex hab oo waaweyn: jireed, kiimiko iyo bayooloji, si loo buuxiyo heerarka qiiqa qiiqa loona yareeyo wasakhowga deegaanka.
Habka jirka:sedimentation, sifaynta, sabaynta, iwm.
Habka kiimikada:dhexdhexaadinta, dib-u-dox, roobab kiimikaad.
Habka noole:Habka dhoobada firfircoon, xuubka bioreactor (MBR), iwm.
Kiimikada caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah:
| xinjirowga iyo flocculant: | sida PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, aluminium sulfate, iwm. |
| Jilciyeyaasha: | sida lime iyo sodium carbonate. |
| jeermiska dila: | sida TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, iwm. |
| hagaajinta pH: | sida aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, lime, sulfuric acid, iwm. |
| Soosaarayaasha birta ion: | EDTA, Ion resin beddelka |
| Kahortaga miisaanka: | organophosphates, organophosphorus karboksilic acids, iwm. |
| Adsorbents: | sida kaarboon firfircoon, aluminium firfircoon, iwm. |
Isticmaalka wax ku oolka ah ee kiimikooyinkan, biyaha wasakhda ah ee warshadaha waa la daweyn karaa oo lagu sii dayn karaa iyada oo la raacayo heerarka, iyo xitaa dib loo isticmaalo, caawinta yaraynta wasakhowga deegaanka iyo isticmaalka kheyraadka biyaha.
2.5 Daaweynta Biyaha Dib loo warshadeeyay
Daawaynta biyaha dib loo warshadeeyay waxa loola jeedaa habka maaraynta khayraadka biyaha ee dib u isticmaala biyaha wasakhda ah ee warshadaha daawaynta ka dib. Iyada oo ay sii kordhayso yaraanta kheyraadka biyaha, goobo badan oo warshado ah ayaa qaatay tillaabooyinka daaweynta biyaha dib loo warshadeeyay, taas oo aan kaliya badbaadinaynin kheyraadka biyaha, laakiin sidoo kale hoos u dhigaysa qiimaha daaweynta iyo soo saarista. Furaha daaweynta biyaha dib loo warshadeeyay waa in laga saaro wasakhaha ku jira biyaha wasakhda ah si tayada biyuhu ay u buuxiyaan shuruudaha dib-u-isticmaalka, taas oo u baahan saxnaan sare oo farsamayn iyo tignoolajiyadeed.
Habka daaweynta biyaha dib loo warshadeeyay badiyaa waxaa ku jira tillaabooyinka muhiimka ah ee soo socda:
Daawaynta ka hor:ka saar qaybo waaweyn oo wasakh ah iyo dufan, adoo isticmaalaya PAC, PAM, iwm.
hagaajinta pH:hagaajin pH, kiimikooyinka sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalo waxaa ka mid ah sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, calcium hydroxide, iwm.
Daaweynta noolaha:ka saar walxaha dabiiciga ah, taageer hoos u dhaca microbial, isticmaal ammonium chloride, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, iwm.
Daaweynta kiimikaad:ka saarista oksijiinta ee walxaha organic iyo biraha culus, sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalo ozone, persulfate, sodium sulfide, iwm.
Kala soocida xuubabka:adeegso osmosis roga, nanofiltration, iyo tignoolajiyada ultrafiltration si aad meesha uga saarto walxaha kala diri una hubiso tayada biyaha.
Jeermiska:ka saar microorganisms, isticmaal chlorine, ozone, calcium hypochlorite, iwm.
Kormeerka iyo hagaajinta:Hubi in biyaha dib loo isticmaalay ay buuxiyeen jaangooyooyinka oo isticmaal nidaamiyayaal iyo qalabka kormeerka si wax loogu hagaajiyo.
Focamers:Waxay xakameeyaan ama baabi'iyaan xumbo iyagoo yareynaya xiisadda dusha sare ee dareeraha iyo burburinta xasilloonida xumbo. (Scenarios codsiga ee defoamers: hababka daaweynta bayooloji, daaweynta kiimikaad ee biyaha wasakhda ah, daaweynta dawooyinka wasakhda ah, daaweynta biyaha wasakhda cuntada, daaweynta biyaha wasakhda warqad samaynta, iwm.)
Calcium hypochlorite:Waxay ka saaraan wasakhaha sida nitrogen ammonia
Codsiga hababkan iyo kiimikooyinka waxay hubisaa in tayada biyaha wasakhda ah ee la daweeyay ay la kulmaan heerarka dib-u-isticmaalka, taas oo u oggolaanaysa in si wax ku ool ah loogu isticmaalo wax soo saarka warshadaha.
Daaweynta biyaha warshaduhu waa qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah wax soo saarka warshadaha casriga ah. Nidaamkeeda iyo xulashada kiimikaad waxay u baahan yihiin in la hagaajiyo iyadoo la raacayo shuruudaha habraaca gaarka ah. Codsiga macquulka ah ee kiimikooyinka kaliya ma hagaajin karo saameynta daaweynta, laakiin sidoo kale waxay yareyneysaa kharashyada waxayna yareyneysaa saameynta deegaanka. Mustaqbalka, horumarinta tignoolajiyada iyo hagaajinta shuruudaha ilaalinta deegaanka, daaweynta biyaha warshaduhu waxay ku horumarin doontaa jihada caqli badan iyo cagaar.